行为决策的评估理论构建研究

本研究构建了行为决策的评估理论,揭示人类行为发生、发展和改变的规律,为开展健康相关行为干预提供科学依据。本理论认为,所有的人类行为都是个体为了生存和发展,在对内、外部刺激进行评估后所做出的主动反应。个体以基因遗传、自我图式、群体规范和直觉为参照系,对内、外部刺激的重要性、安全性威胁和获益性,以及个体所拥有的行为资源进行感觉性评估和社会性评估,用以做出生理性反应和社会性行为决策,并通过感受器、中枢神经和效应器,形成“刺激-评估-行为决策-行为”循环。开展行为干预时,应通过与个体进行讨论和分析,帮助其发现和确认刺激的重要性、安全性、获益性及其拥有的行为资源。     

How to implement guidelines and models of care

In subjects older than 50 years, the presence of clinical risk factors (CRFs) for fractures or a recent fracture is the cornerstone for case finding. In patients who are clinically at high short- and long-term risk of fractures (those with a recent clinical fracture or with multiple CRFs), further assessment with bone mineral density (BMD) measurement using dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA), imaging of the spine, fall risk evaluation and laboratory examination contributes to treatment decisions according to the height and modifiability of fracture risk. Treatment is available with anti-resorptive and anabolic drugs, and from the start of treatment a lifelong strategy is needed to decide about continuous, intermittent, and sequential therapy. Implementation of guidelines requires further initiatives for improving case finding, public awareness about osteoporosis and national policies on reimbursement of assessment and therapy.     

Long-term changes in dietary intake and its association with eating-related problems after gastric bypass in adolescents

BackgroundRoux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is an established, effective treatment for severe adolescent obesity. Long-term dietary intake and the relationship to eating-related problems are scarcely evaluated in this population.ObjectivesAssess changes in dietary intake in adolescents after RYGB and explore associations between dietary intake and eating-related problems.Setting: Multicenter study in Swedish university hospitals.MethodDiet history, binge eating scale (BES), and Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire were assessed preoperatively and 1, 2, and 5 years after RYGB in 85 adolescents (67% female) aged 16.5 ± 1.2 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 45.5 ± 6.0 kg/m² and compared with control individuals at 5 years.ResultsFive-year BMI change was –28.6% ± 12.7% versus +9.9% ± 18.9% in RYGB patients versus control individuals (P < .001). Through 5 years, RYGB adolescents reported reduced energy intake, portion size of cooked meals at dinner, and milk/yoghurt consumption (P < .01). The BES scores were 9.3 ± 8.3 versus 13.4 ± 10.5 in RYGB patients versus control individuals (P = .04). Association between BES score and energy intake was stronger in control individuals (r = .27 versus r = .62 in RYGB patients versus control individuals, P < .001). At 5 years, lower energy intake was associated with greater BMI loss in all adolescents (r = .33, P < .001). Higher scores in BES and uncontrolled and emotional eating were associated with higher energy intake, cooked meals, candies/chocolates, cakes/cookies, desserts, and sugary drinks (r > .23, P < .04) and lower intake of fruits/berries (r = –.32, P = .044). A higher score in cognitive restraint was associated with a higher intake of cereals and fruits/berries (r > .22, P < .05) and a lower intake of sugary drinks (r = –.24, P < .03).ConclusionTo support optimization of long-term outcomes in adolescent RYGB patients, it is important to provide management strategies to reduce energy intake. Monitoring eating-related problems could identify potential individuals at risk of poor weight loss and to initiate treatment interventions.     

综合强制性训练、常规训练在脑卒中患者康复治疗中的应用效果及其对肢体功能恢复水平的影响

目的 分析综合强制性训练及常规训练方式在脑卒中患者康复治疗中的应用效果以及对患者肢体功能恢复的影响。方法 选择2018 年1 月～2020 年1 月于本院治疗的脑卒中患者438 例，按照患者采用训练方式的不同将其分为观察组（综合强制性训练以及常规训练）和对照组（常规训练），每组各219 例，观察两组患者训练后的临床疗效、SIAS（Scale of Assessment Methods for Stroke Damage）评分、MBI 评分（Questionnaire for mild behavioural disorders）、SDS 评分（Self-rating axiety scale）、SAS（Sleep apenea syndorome）评分、并发症发生情况。结果 观察组患者的临床疗效为90.0%，明显高于对照组患者的70.0%。观察组患者SIAS 评分为（85.6±3.6）分、MBI 评分为（91.3±2.1）分、SDS 评分为（92.7±3.8）分、SAS 评分为（91.3±1.3）分，明显高于对照组SIAS 评分[（69.5±3.4）分、MBI评分（81.2±2.2）分、SDS 评分（81.2±3.3）分、SAS 评分（81.3±1.3）分]；观察组患者出现肺炎、脱水、腹泻总发生率为10.0%，明显低于对照组患者的30.0%，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 在脑卒中患者康复治疗中应用综合强制性训练联合常规训练的方式，可有效提高患者的治疗疗效，改善患者日常生活指标，提高患者肢体功能，降低患者治疗期间并发症发生的可能性。     

青少年近视综合防控的基本原则与对策分析

目的 探讨青少年近视综合防控的基本原则与对策。方法 随机选取2017年6月～2019年6月我院健康体检青少年60例，随机分为综合防控组（n=30）和常规防控组（n=30）两组，常规防控组青少年接受常规防控，综合防控组青少年接受综合防控，然后统计分析两组青少年的近视情况。结果 综合防控组青少年防控前后的近视率分别为73.3%（22/30）、33.3%（10/30），常规防控组青少年防控前后的近视率分别为76.7%（23/30）、56.7%（17/30）。两组青少年防控后的近视率均显著低于防控前（P＜0.05）；防控前两组青少年的近视率比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05），防控后综合防控组青少年的近视率显著低于常规防控组（P＜0.05）。综合防控组总满意度为93.3%（28/30），显著高于常规防控组的73.3%（22/30）（P＜0.05）。结论 青少年近视综合防控的效果较常规防控好，能有效降低青少年的近视率，值得推广。     

哈尔滨市基层医疗卫生机构健康教育工作现况调查

目的全面了解哈尔滨市基层医疗卫生机构健康教育现状,为基层健康教育工作提供有针对性、可操作性的意见和建议。方法采用哈尔滨市疾控中心自行设计的《基层医疗卫生机构健康教育工作开展情况现况调查评估问卷》对哈尔滨市所辖九区九县(市)基层医疗卫生机构的277名健康教育工作人员进行现状调查,采用SPSS 17.0进行数据的整理分析。结果开展社区卫生诊断的机构达到150家,占54.2%,未开展的127家,占45.8%;有194名被调查者了解健康教育的投入资金情况,占70.0%;每次社区活动有资金预算的有230家,占83.0%;有91.7%的基层健康教育工作者每年接受相关业务培训,其中86.3%接受的为区(县)级培训,接受过市级培训的占4.3%,参与调查人员均未接受过省级培训。结论基层医疗卫生机构的健康教育工作仍有很多需要加强和改进的地方,应加大资金投入,加强对专业人员的培训力度,鼓励开发形式多样的健康教育干预工具,丰富讲座形式等。     

Validation of the Italian version of the Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease Pediatric Scale

The Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease Pediatric Scale (CMTPedS) is a Rasch‐built clinical outcome measure of disease severity. It is valid, reliable, and responsive to change for children and adolescents aged 3 to 20 years. The aim of this study was to translate and validate an Italian version of the CMTPedS using a validated framework of transcultural adaptation. The CMTPedS (Italian) was translated and culturally adapted from source into Italian by two experts in CMT with good English language proficiency. The two translations were reviewed by a panel of experts in CMT. The agreed provisional version was back translated into English by a professional translator. The definitive Italian version was developed during a consensus teleconference by the same panel. CMT patients were assessed with the final version of the outcome measure and a subset had a second assessment after 2 weeks to evaluate test‐retest reliability. Seventeen patients with CMT aged 5 to 20 years (eight female) were evaluated with the CMTPedS (Italian), and test‐retest was performed in three patients. The CMTPedS (Italian) showed a high test‐retest reliability. No patient had difficulty in completing the scale. The instructions for the different items were clearly understood by clinicians and therefore the administration of the outcome measure was straight forward and easily understood by the children assessed. The CMTPedS (Italian) will be used for clinical follow‐up and in clinical research studies in the Italian population. The data is fully comparable to that obtained from the English language version.